Italian Mirrors
49
5,615
1,734
139
to
567
4,321
3,084
7,488
6,069
6,728
2,840
898
259
250
207
193
177
84
69
35
27
26
8
8
5
4
4
430
639
4,546
1,873
248
3,043
999
44
11
41
92
324
903
1,037
626
192
51
Height
to
Width
to
5,685
4,359
2,872
2,822
1,720
20,565
7,488
5,128
3,122
2,801
124
113
59
55
47
Place of Origin: Italian
Italian Art Deco golden wood wall mirror with abstract curved structure, 1940s
Located in MIlano, IT
Italian Art Deco golden wood wall mirror with abstract curved structure, 1940s
Wall mirror with golden and silver wooden frame. The structure has an abstract, curved and rounded rect...
Category
1940s Art Deco Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Mirror, Wood
Vintage Italian Gold Giltwood Chinoiserie Japanned Rococo Console Wall Mirror
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Vintage Italian giltwood chinoiserie Japanned carved console wall mirror. Item features lack and gold gilt accents, chinoiserie "Japanned" paint d...
Category
Early 20th Century Chinoiserie Italian Mirrors
Materials
Glass, Wood
A pair of 1950s Gio Ponti Style Mid-Century Modern Brass Small Wall Mirrors
By Gio Ponti
Located in Aci Castello, IT
One pair of biscuit-shaped brass wall mirrors, in the manner of Gio Ponti, feature brass in original patina, while the mirrors are in very good condition. Gio Ponti used this type of...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
Antique Giltwood Louis XIV Style Mirror
Located in London, GB
The frame of this fine, Italian, antique giltwood mirror references a style that was often used in designs for marquetry that was popular late in the reign of Louis XIV and pioneered...
Category
19th Century Louis XIV Antique Italian Mirrors
Materials
Wood, Giltwood, Glass
Italian Art Deco golden wood wall mirror with abstract curved structure, 1940s
Located in MIlano, IT
Italian Art Deco golden wood wall mirror with abstract curved structure, 1940s
Wall mirror with golden and silver wooden frame. The structure has an abstract, curved and rounded elon...
Category
1940s Art Deco Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Mirror, Wood
Italian mid-century modern rectangular wall mirror with rounded corners, 1950s
Located in MIlano, IT
Italian mid-century modern rectangular wall mirror with rounded corners, 1950s
Rectangular wall mirror. The corners are rounded, the wooden structure narrows in the lower part and ha...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
19th c. Italian Etched and Beveled Mirror in the Classic Venetian Style
Located in Wichita, KS
A classic Italian Baroque style Venetian mirror. Beveled mirror with openwork pediment and etched floral details.
Category
19th Century Baroque Antique Italian Mirrors
Materials
Mirror
Precious Oval Shaped Mirror Attributed to Max Ingrand for Fontana Arte, 1960s
By Max Ingrand
Located in Rome, IT
Beautiful mirror attributed to Max Ingrand for Fontana Arte. The mirror is in peach and and amber colored faceted glass framed.
Very good vintage condition. We will deliver carefu...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Art Glass
Rare Blue Bevelled Glass Mirror by Pietro Chiesa for Luigi Fontana & C. Italy
By Pietro Chiesa, Luigi Fontana
Located in London, GB
A rare glass mirror with a stunning blue bevel designed by Pietro Chiesa for Luigi Fontana & C., Italy, c.1940. The exquisite blue colour of the cut and champered bevel really highli...
Category
1940s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Glass, Wood
Art Deco Full Length Hallway Mirror and Console, Italy 1940's
By Pier Luigi Colli, Fontana Arte
Located in Miami, FL
Art Deco full length hallway mirror and console,
By Pier Luigi Colli Italy circa 1940's
Monumental entry way mirror with integral gilt metal and glas...
Category
1940s Art Deco Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Metal
Midcentury Vivai del Sud Rattan Bamboo Mirror, Italy, 1960s
By Vivai del Sud
Located in Barcelona, ES
MDM Split Reed Rattan Mirror with Staggered Top. Attributed to Vivai del Sud. Italy, 1960s.
Its design combines Midcentury and Oriental accents.
It will be a nice addition to be used in a bathroom or as wall mirror / console mirror in any other room or entry hall. Perfect for a beach house interior design or any other decoration with fresh midcentury taste.
This mirror is in excellent vintage condition.
Large mirror surface. Clean design and amazing shape.
Measures: 91 cm H x 66,5 cm W x 4 cm D
Glass measures: 74,5 cm H x 49 cm W
We are specialists in mirrors and sunburst mirrors: A curated selection is avaliable at our 1stdibs marketplace.
Rattan Bamboo Mirror // Midcentury Rattan Mirror // Vivai Del Sud Mirror // Italian Split Reed Mirror.
Category
20th Century Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Cane, Rattan, Reed, Mirror
Contemporay Bindoo Nitya modular mirror in aluminium by altreforme
Located in Calolziocorte (Lecco) Italy, IT
Nitya is, as its name says, an eternal mirror. A perfectly balanced shape and a timeless design; it is the focal point of every space.
Bindoo is a collection of modular mirrors enclo...
Category
2010s Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Aluminum
Contemporay Bindoo Leela modular mirror in aluminium by altreforme
Located in Calolziocorte (Lecco) Italy, IT
Modern and clean lines for Leela, the largest mirror in the Bindoo collection. This element is more than just a home accessory; it is a game of reflections and colors that captures t...
Category
2010s Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Aluminum
Mid Century Modern Vintage Brass Wall Mirror Floor Mirror 1950s Italy
Located in Vienna, AT
Mid-Century Modern vintage wall mirror from brass in rectangular form 1950s Italy.
A sophisticated wall mirror with a brass frame in rare rectangular form with slightly curved corner...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
Cast Aluminum Mirror by Lorenzo Burchiellaro, Italy, 1970s
By Lorenzo Burchiellaro
Located in Antwerp, BE
Rectangular mirror by Italian designer and sculptor Lorenzo Burchiellaro. Crafted in the 1970s from cast aluminum, it exemplifies Burchiellaro's mastery in metalwork and his talent f...
Category
1970s Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Aluminum
A Large and Impressive Baroque Style Carved Giltwood Mirror
Located in Brighton, West Sussex
A Large and Impressive Baroque Style Carved Giltwood Mirror.
The rectangular frame elaborately carved with acanthus leaves and scrolls. The inner frame caved with channelled ribbon-...
Category
19th Century Baroque Antique Italian Mirrors
Materials
Giltwood
A Set of Four Venetian Etched Clear and Blue Glass Girandole Wall Mirrors
Located in Brighton, West Sussex
A Set of Four Venetian Etched Clear and Blue Glass Girandole Wall Mirrors.
Each of cartouche shape with marginal plates on a blue glass ground. The acanthus leaf cresting centred by a tulip flower finial. Above a pair of ‘S’-shaped candelarms with glass drip-pans.
The central plates etched with allegorical figures representing the four continents...
Category
19th Century Antique Italian Mirrors
Materials
Mirror
Piero Fornasetti Face Mirror Viso Wall Mirror Brass, Italy, circa 1955
By Piero Fornasetti
Located in Vienna, AT
Piero Fornasetti Face Mirror 'Viso' Wall Mirror Brass, Italy, circa 1955
Very rare, surrealistic face mirror 'Viso' by Piero Fornasetti, Italy, from t...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
Italian Mid-Century Modern Brass wall Mirror, Italy, 1960s
By Gio Ponti
Located in Chiavari, Liguria
An Italian brass wall mirror from the 1960s with simple yet sophisticated, harmonious lines.
This Italian brass mirror is in good vintage condition. The brass has aged beautifully, ...
Category
1940s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
Large 1950s Italian Brass Framed Mirror
By Fontana Arte
Located in London, GB
A fantastic quality 1950s Italian brass framed mirror of useful proportions.
The gilt brass frame has a lovely overall patina. The original mirror plate is in very good condition, w...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
Rare Pair Large Rattan Bamboo Mirror by Vivai del Sud Roma, 1970s
By Vivai del Sud
Located in Rovereta, SM
Rare Pair Large Rattan Bamboo Mirror by Vivai del Sud Roma, 1970s
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Bamboo
"Red Mirror" by Fratelli Tosi, Murano Glass Mirror, Handmade Made in Italy
By Fratelli Tosi
Located in Murano Venezia, IT
Contemporary Murano glass mirror, composed of an external beveled band in clear mirror, and an internal beveled band of red color with...
Category
2010s Other Italian Mirrors
Materials
Art Glass, Murano Glass, Mirror
Bamboo Italian Mirror Wavy Mid century
By Gabriella Crespi
Located in New York, NY
Italian made to order Bamboo Mirror, perfect for any Decor
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Bamboo
Franco Albini French Riviera Rattan and Bamboo Oval Mirror, Italy 1960s
By Franco Albini, Bonacina
Located in Roma, IT
Magnificent large midcentury French Riviera oval mirror in curved rattan, bamboo and wicker. This gorgeous piecewas designed by Franco Albini and was produced in Italy during the 196...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Bamboo, Cane, Rattan, Mirror
1960s Gio Ponti Style Mid-Century Modern Brass Italian Octagonal Wall Mirror
By Gio Ponti
Located in Aci Castello, IT
A solid brass wall mirror designed and manufactured in Italy in the manner of Gio Ponti, who used this type of mirror in the most beautiful houses in Milan in the 50s. The brass boas...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
Vintage 60's round wooden vintage wall mirror Italian design
Located in None, IT
Round wall mirror with Teak wood frame, Italian design, 1960s.
CONDITION: In good condition, may show signs of wear given by time.
DIMENSIONS: Height 59 cm; Width 59 cm; Length 6 c...
Category
1960s Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Glass, Wood
Effetto Vetro Contemporary Custom Sculptural Round Concave Mirror in China Blue
By Effetto Vetro
Located in New York, NY
Effetto Vetro contemporary large round concave colored mirrored glass in China blue mounted on a polished brass structure on the back with three mounting clips on the front edges, Italy, 2023. This exquisite mirror is handmade and hand silvered - a sculptural work of art, grand and impressive in scale and and comes in a variety of vintage glass colors from the 1950s. Since each mirror is meticulously hand-crafted including silvering, there are subtle variations inherent in the handmade process.
This particular China blue color is stunning and chic - a lovely light blue colored glass similar to the color of the sky which makes quite a statement piece. Depending on the different angles it's viewed from, the reflections change because of its concave shape.
Signed "Effetto Vetro" on metal plaque attached to brass structure on underside.
This China blue Effetto Vetro mirror can be viewed at The Gallery at 200 Lex, 10th floor, New York Design Center.
Comes in a variety of vintage glass colors including rose, amber, bronze, green, azure, aquamarine, China blue, cobalt blue, gray and black.
Currently in stock are rose, amber, bronze, green, azure, China blue, cobalt blue and black.
Custom sizes available in all colors.
Lead time for custom orders is 4-6 weeks.
After years of training in several Italian artisan glass workshops, Maurizio Foddis (born 1975) and Andrea Baisi (born 1976) founded Effetto Vetro in 2014, an artisan glass atelier specializing in handcrafted furniture, lighting, and mirrors using cut glass and crystal. Through their continuous research, Foddis and Baisi...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
Wall Console Mirror Gold Rococo Baroque Classic Frame Collectible Design Italy
By Barberini & Gunnell
Located in Ancona, Marche
Rococut 'Arciduca'. Series of mirrors called 'Arciduca' made up of four different mirrors. Each mirror has its own aristocratic name and comes in a limited edition of 15.
The Rococu...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Gold Leaf
Glazed Terracotta Wall Mirror, Italy, c. 1950
Located in New York City, NY
Charming vintage Italian wall mirror. Hand-sculpted.
Category
1950s Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Terracotta
pair of "Leaf" mirrors by Studio Glustin
By Glustin Creation
Located in Saint-Ouen (PARIS), FR
Pair of "Leaf" mirrors with frame in sculpted Murano glass, gilt with gold leaf.
Creation by Studio Glustin.
Italy, 2023.
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
20th Century Italian Mirror
Located in High Point, NC
Experience the charm of Italian design with this exquisite 20th-century mirror, a testament to timeless elegance. Its reflective surface, bordered by a delicately etched frame adorne...
Category
20th Century Italian Mirrors
Materials
Glass
"Drop" mirrors in Murano glass
By Glustin Creation
Located in Saint-Ouen (PARIS), FR
Pair of "Drops" mirrors with frame in sculpted Murano glass.
Creation by Studio Glustin
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
Pink ‘Ultrafragola’ Mirror Designed by Ettore Sottsass for Poltronova, Italy
By Ettore Sottsass
Located in London, GB
The curvaceous pink ‘Ultrafragola’ mirror designed by Ettore Sottsass is probably the most iconic of all his many designs. Originally produced in the 1970s by Poltronova, the ‘Ultrafragola’ formed part of a series of Sottsass designs named Mobili Grigi. When illuminated, the lights within the mirror transform the white opaline acrylic shell into a stunning multi-pink display. This unique, individually numbered, re-edition piece is still produced by the same Florentine company today and is sold with a “Certificate of Authenticity”. The perfectly pink ‘selfie’ mirror!
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Glass, Acrylic
Colorful Murano Glass Venetian Mask Wall Mirror 'The Clown'
By Barbini
Located in New York, NY
Vibrant and lively mirror that enhances any room with bold charisma and creativity.
Additional Information:
This piece is from a series of mirrors inspired by Italian Mannerist painter Giuseppe Arcimboldo, composed of swirls, rosettes, flowers and leaves - some of the most typical elements of craftwork on Venetian mirrors - in the place of beards, eyes, noses and hair. The mask and the mirror are both typical Venetian artistic products: combining the two creates a new mask which maintains the decorative details typical of the antique Venetian mirror while downplaying any seriousness with irony and levity.
These playful, exuberant and riotously colorful wall mirrors are produced by an illustrious family of master Venetian glassmakers, prominent for centuries as the finest glass artisans in the world, known today as Barbini Specchi Veneziani. This series ('Ms. Italia', 'The Clown', 'The Biker'), designed by Lucia Massari...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Italian Mirrors
Materials
Murano Glass, Art Glass, Glass
"Waves" Mirrors by Studio Glustin
By Glustin Creation
Located in Saint-Ouen (PARIS), FR
Pair of "Waves" mirrors with frame in pink tainted and sculpted Murano glass.
Creation by Studio Glustin.
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
"Diamond" Mirror in Murano Glass by Studio Glustin
By Glustin Creation
Located in Saint-Ouen (PARIS), FR
Superb wall mirror with frame in sculpted and cut Murano glass "Diamonds" and brass.
Creation by Studio Glustin.
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
"San Mafio" Murano Glass Mirror in Venetian Style by Fratelli Tosi
By Fratelli Tosi
Located in Murano Venezia, IT
"San Mafio" Murano Glass Mirror in Venetian Style, made by the expert hands of Murano Masters, with frame composed of crystal rods on a gold background, the engravings and antique mirror squares...
Category
2010s Other Italian Mirrors
Materials
Art Glass, Murano Glass, Mirror
Mirror, Italian Manufacture, 1700s
Located in Baranzate, IT
Antique gilded mirror with wooden frame and gilded porporin. Italian manufacture. 1700.
Category
18th Century and Earlier Louis XV Antique Italian Mirrors
Materials
Mirror, Giltwood
Wall Mirror Midcentury Italian Design Solid Bamboo Minimal Vivai del Sud, 1960
By Vivai del Sud
Located in Palermo, Sicily
Wall Mirror midcentury Italian design Solid Bamboo Minimal Vivai del Sud.
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Bamboo
Oval Brass Mirror-Italy 1950s
Located in Copenhagen K, DK
Gorgeous oval Italian mirror from the 1950s with a sleek brass profile.
Original mirrored glass, stylistically related to the work of designer Giò Ponti.
A particularly suitable p...
Category
Mid-20th Century Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
Italian Designer, Organic Wall Mirror, Burl Wood, Italy, 1930s
Located in High Point, NC
A burl wood wall mirror designed and produced in Italy, 1930s.
Category
1930s Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Mirror, Burl
Italian Mid-Century Vanity Console by Cesare Lacca with Mirror in Burl Walnut
By Cesare Lacca
Located in Vigonza, Padua
Code: FH27
Majestic vanity dressing table console with mirror, 1950s by Cesare Lacca per La Permanente Mobili Cantù , in burl walnut folder. La...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Burl, Mirror, Walnut
Italian Vintage Wall Mirror
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Italian brass frame, mirror is original condition we can change it with the new mirror.
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
Bamboo mirror, 1950s-60s
By Non-Standard Furniture and Lighting
Located in Milano, IT
Bamboo framed mirror. Good conditions.
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Bamboo
Franco Albini Style Bamboo Rattan Mirror with Arched Top
By Franco Albini
Located in Barcelona, ES
Eye-catching Mid-Century Modern Franco Albini style handcrafted bamboo and rattan mirror with arched top.
This mirror features a double bamboo f...
Category
20th Century Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Bamboo, Rattan, Cane
Italian Midcentury Extra Large Vintage Wall Mirror with Brass Frame, 1970s
Located in Morazzone, Varese
Beautiful and elegant original large vintage wall mirror with solid brass frame and crystal mirror glass.
Made in Italy in the 1970s.
The cry...
Category
1970s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
Vintage mirror
Located in Nocera Inferiore, IT
steel and glass mirror 60 cm high 44 cm wide 3 cm deep
Category
1970s Other Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Glass
Vintage golden wall mirror in Regency Style, Italy 1970s
Located in Ceglie Messapica, IT
Vintage golden wall mirror in regency style, Italy 1970s.
A beautiful wall mirror with goldenrod frame and walnut root details on the frame.
Regency style for a piece of italian des...
Category
1970s Regency Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Iron
Franco Albini Midcentury Bamboo, Rattan and Wicker Oval Mirror, Italy 1970s
By Franco Albini, Bonacina
Located in Roma, IT
Fantastic Mid-Century French Riviera style oval mirror in curved rattan bamboo and wicker. This marvellous mirror was designed by Franco Albine in Italy during the 1970s.
This stun...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Bamboo, Mirror, Rattan, Cane
Italian Articulating and Adjustable Brass Vanity 2-Sided Wall Mirror, 1950s
Located in NUEMBRECHT, NRW
This elegant round vanity mirror was designed and manufactured in Italy in the 1950s-1960s. It has got a round brass frame and a brass wall arm. The mirror is height adjustable. It c...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Brass
1960's Minimalist Giltwood Wall Mirror
Located in Rochester, NY
Minimalist rectangular giltwood framed wall mirror in beautifully aged original gilded surface with red bole highlights. The period mirror glass bright with areas of small oxidation...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Mirror, Giltwood
Italian Octagonal Art Deco Style Giltwood Mirror, 1940s
Located in Paris, FR
An impressive 20th-century octoganal shaped vintage Italian mirror. Its frame is meticulously sculpted from textured giltwood in Art Deco style. This beautiful piece is a testament t...
Category
20th Century Rococo Revival Italian Mirrors
Materials
Giltwood
Hand Painted Italian Chinoiserie Black & Gold Mirror
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
Vintage hand painted black and gold chinoiserie mirror.
Category
20th Century Italian Mirrors
Materials
Wood, Paint
Italian Modern Wall Mirror Oval Teak Frame, 1950s
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Oval large teak frame, with oval mirrored glass.
The wood frame has different thickness in the apical width;
Is beautiful both in the vertical or horizontal version.
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Mirror, Wood
Midcentury Rectangular Mirror with Bamboo and Rattan Frame, Italy, 1970s
Located in Roma, IT
Stunning Mid-Century French Riviera style full length rectangular mirror in bamboo and hand-woven wicker. This gorgeous piece was designed in Italy during the 1970s.
This sturdy mir...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Italian Mirrors
Materials
Bamboo, Cane, Rattan, Mirror, Wicker
Franz J. Sartori for Cristal Art Italian Round Wall Mirror, 1960s
By Franz Sartori, Cristal Arte
Located in Reggio Emilia, IT
Italian midcentury modern design round wall mirror designed by Franz J. Sartori and produced by Cristal art, 1960s.
Category
1860s Mid-Century Modern Antique Italian Mirrors
Materials
Crystal
Round Mirror with Frame in Lacquered Wood and Fabric, Italy, 1970s Midcentury
Located in Roma, IT
Round mirror with frame in lacquered wood and fabric, Italy, 1970s.
Category
1970s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Wood, Fabric, Mirror
Oval Mirror with Backlight on Curved Teak Plywood Frame, by I.S.A. Bergamo
By ISA Bergamo
Located in Wolfurt, AT
Oval mirror with backlight on curved teak plywood frame, design by I.S.A. Bergamo, 1960s good condition.
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Italian Mirrors
Materials
Mirror, Wood
Read More
20 Artfully Crafted Mirrors to Frame Your Reflection
In "Object Permanence 4," on view at the 1stdibs Gallery, Emma Holland Denvir and Leah Ring have brought together pieces that range from polished to playful.
Unexpected Furniture Pieces Made from Clay
A new generation of creative minds is reinventing the use of clay through sculptural forms and bold ideas.
5 Standout Contemporary Mirrors (and How to Decorate with Them)
Leading talents tell us what goes into their mirrored creations and where to put them on a wall.
12 Rooms with Dramatic, Unexpected Mirrors
These are the fairest of them all.
Recently Viewed
View AllMore Ways To Browse
French Faux Bamboo Mirror
Gilded Fireplace Mirrors
Gold Leaf Baroque Mirror
Italian Faceted Mirror
Italy Mirror Facets
Large Frameless Mirror
Large Provincial Frame
Louis Xvi Oval Mirror
Murano Blue Glass Mirror
Murano Blue Mirror
Round Window Frame
Rustic French Mirror
Two Venetian Mirror
Victorian Gilt Mirror
Antique Gold Rectangular Mirror
Cushion Frame Mirror
Distressed Wood Mirrors
French Dressing Mirror 19th Century